GSC101 Assignment 2 Solution Spring 2023

 

GSC 101

Assignment 2

Solution

Spring 2023

 

 

 

Total Marks: 20

Due Date: 15 July 2023

 

 

 

Question 1:

(Marks = 3+3+4=10)

1.      Can we say that addition and substitution reactions have any impact on single, double and triple bonds? If yes, then justify it with example and if no, explain with scientific reason.

 

Solution:

Yes, addition and substitution reactions have an impact on single, double, and triple bonds by modifying their structure or breaking them, resulting in the formation of new single bonds.

Justification:

1.      Single Bonds:

·         Addition Reactions:

In an addition reaction, atoms or groups of atoms are added to a molecule, typically across a double or triple bond, resulting in the formation of a single bond.

For example: The addition of H2 across the double bond in ethene (C2H4) results in the formation of ethane (C2H6), where the original double bond is converted into two single bonds.

·         Substitution Reactions:

Substitution reactions involve the replacement of an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule with another atom or group of atoms.

 

For example:  In the reaction between methane (CH4) and chlorine gas (Cl2), one of the hydrogen atoms in methane is substituted by a chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of chloromethane (CH3Cl).

 

2.      Double Bonds:

 

·         Addition Reactions:

Addition reactions are commonly observed with double bonds, where atoms or groups of atoms are added across the double bond, resulting in the formation of two new single bonds.

 

For example: The addition of hydrogen halides (e.g., HCl, HBr) to an alkene (e.g., ethene, C2H4) results in the formation of alkyl halides (e.g., chloroethane, C2H5Cl).

 

·         Substitution Reactions:

Substitution reactions can also occur with double bonds by breaking the original bond and replacing it with a different atom or group.

 

For example: In the reaction between ethene (C2H4) and chlorine (Cl2), one of the carbon atoms in the double bond is replaced by a chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane (C2H4Cl2).

 

3. Triple Bonds:

 

·         Addition Reactions:

Addition reactions with triple bonds involve the addition of atoms or groups of atoms across the triple bond, resulting in the formation of three new single bonds.

For example: The addition of hydrogen (H2) to an alkyne (e.g., ethyne, C2H2) forms an alkane C2H6.

 

·         Substitution Reactions:

Substitution reactions can occur with triple bonds by breaking the original bond and replacing it with a different atom or group.

 

For example: In the reaction between ethyne (C2H2) and chlorine (Cl2), one of the carbon atoms in the triple bond is replaced by a chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of 1,1-dichloroethene (C2HCl).

 

2.      Discuss chemical bonding of Alloy Steel.

 

Solution:

Alloy steel is a type of steel that contains additional elements in addition to iron and carbon. These additional elements are intentionally added to modify the properties of the steel, such as strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. The chemical bonding in alloy steel is primarily determined by the interaction between the iron atoms and the added alloying elements.

Alloy steel typically contains alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, and manganese, among others. These alloying elements form chemical bonds with the iron atoms in the steel matrix, altering its properties. The specific bonding interactions depend on the nature of the alloying element and its electronic configuration.

The combination of these alloying elements and their bonding interactions with iron affects the microstructure, mechanical properties, and performance of alloy steel. The precise composition and heat treatment of alloy steel are carefully controlled to achieve desired properties for specific applications, such as automotive parts, aircraft components, tools, and structural materials.

 

3.      Name the Natural sources of the given acids Citric acid, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid.

 

Solution:

1.      Citric acid:

 

Natural source:  Citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, grapefruits etc. contain citric acid in them.

 

2.      Oxalic acid:

 

Natural source: Oxalic acid can be found naturally in tomatoes, and spinach.

 

3.      Lactic acid:

 

Natural source:   Lactic acid is found in milk and curd. Due to the presence of lactic acid, souring of milk occurs.

 

4.      Tartaric acid:  

Natural source:    Tartaric acid is naturally found in tamarind and grapes.

 

 

Question 2:

(Marks= 2+8=10)

 

Answer the following questions about the diagram given below:

 

                                              

 

 

1)      Identify the given diagram?

    

Answer:  Structure of a typical Plant cell.

 

2)      Identify the structures labelled I, II, III, IV and discuss the main function of each one.

 

 

	Structure Name	Main Function
I	Golgi apparatus	The function of the Golgi apparatus is processing and packaging proteins that have exited the rough endoplasmic reticulum to be further transported inside and/or outside the cell.
II	Endoplasmic reticulum	The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
III	Chloroplast	Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield. As such, chloroplasts are responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds such as amino acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, vitamins, lipids, and secondary metabolites.
IV	Mitochondria	The main mitochondria function in a plant cell is to produce energy through cellular respiration.